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靶向HER2-low治疗转移性乳腺癌:一种不断发展的治疗模式

作者:肿瘤瞭望   日期:2023/12/15 10:55:15  浏览量:3676

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HER2作为一种高度敏感的治疗靶点,经过既往长期的探索,已然成为治疗高度侵袭性HER2阳性乳腺癌(HER2+BC)的重大突破。近年来,HER2低表达(HER2-low)也成为乳腺癌诊疗的热点话题,然而抗HER2的经典靶向药物,如曲妥珠单抗等,往往对HER2低表达患者无效,传统疗法仍旧是HER2低表达患者主要的治疗方式。

HER2作为一种高度敏感的治疗靶点,经过既往长期的探索,已然成为治疗高度侵袭性HER2阳性乳腺癌(HER2+BC)的重大突破。近年来,HER2低表达(HER2-low)也成为乳腺癌诊疗的热点话题,然而抗HER2的经典靶向药物,如曲妥珠单抗等,往往对HER2低表达患者无效,传统疗法仍旧是HER2低表达患者主要的治疗方式。幸运的是,国内外专家学者对靶向治疗的探索从未停止,以T-DXd为代表的新型抗ADC药物展现出独特的疗效,为HER2低表达乳腺癌患者带来新的曙光。Charlie Yang等在2023年《Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology》杂志上发表了一篇针对HER2低表达乳腺癌治疗的综述[1],系统讨论了目前HER2-low乳腺癌的治疗进展与展望。小编在此对综述核心内容作一解读。
 
HER2表达状态分类
 
既往对于HER2表达的分类是二元的(图1):HER2阳性疾病被定义为存在免疫组织化学(IHC)评分为3+或2+的肿瘤,且通过原位杂交(ISH)分析HER2基因(erbB2)扩增[2],而IHC评分为0+、1+或2+/ISH-的肿瘤被定义为HER2-阴性。然而,最近的证据表明,具有低HER2表达(IHC 1+或2+/ISH-)的患者被归类为“HER2-low”的新的乳腺癌类别(图1),这是具有异质性表现和可变预后的人群[3-5]。大约一半的乳腺癌患者是HER2-low[3,4,6],包括约三分之二的激素受体(HR)阳性患者和约40%的HR阴性患者[7]
 
图1根据HER2状态对转移性BC进行分类
IHC,immunohistochemistry,免疫组化;ISH,in situ hybridization,原位杂交
 
HER2阴性及HER2-low BC目前的治疗模式
 
目前IHC 0、1+或2+/ISH阴性转移性乳腺癌(mBC)的治疗模式因HR状态而异(图2)。在HR+患者中,治疗通常包括以下药物序列[2,8-9]:一线(1L):内分泌治疗(ET)+CDK4/6抑制剂(CDK4/6I);二线(2L):ET再挑战(单药)、ET+CDK4/6i(如果1L未使用)、ET+依维莫司或化疗;三线(3L)至五线(5L):化疗。如果肿瘤携带PIK3CA、BRCA等基因突变,则可以选择相对应的靶向药物进行治疗。HR-患者的治疗选择更少:1L:免疫治疗+化疗(如果PD-L1阳性)或化疗;2L:ADC药物戈沙妥珠单抗(SG)或化疗;3L:化疗。在每条线中,治疗选择取决于个体患者的特征、以前接受的治疗和医保报销/可及性限制。重要的是,有效的治疗选择的数量在后面的治疗中变得越来越有限,并且反应率和生存影响随着每一次后续治疗而减少[10-11]。肿瘤进展至晚期、单药化疗患者的mPFS仅为2-5个月[12-14]。因此,这些患者非常需要能够安全地改善临床结局的新的靶向治疗方法。
 
图2 HER2阴性及HER2-low BC目前的治疗模式
 
不断发展的治疗模式
 
T-DXd是由人源化抗HER2单克隆抗体(曲妥珠单抗)通过可裂解接头连接到可透膜的有效载荷拓扑异构酶I抑制剂(DX-895)组成的新型ADC药物。一旦与HER2蛋白结合,无论HER2表达水平如何,T-DXd都会通过独特的旁观者效应将其细胞毒性有效载荷(药物与抗体之比为8:1)递送至靶细胞和邻近细胞(图2)[15-16]
 
在Destiny-Breast04研究中,大多数纳入的患者为HR+转移性乳腺癌,并且接受了3种系统治疗(包括内分泌治疗)[17]。大约60%的患者接受了一种化疗,40%的患者接受了两种化疗。因此,T-DXd在HER2低表达患者中的初始使用可能集中于四线或更晚的mBC治疗(图2)。然而,如在HER2阳性治疗中所观察到的,预期用T-DXd早期治疗也将是有益的。Ⅲ期临床试验Destiny-Breast06研究目前正在评估T-DXd对比研究者选择的化疗在接受≤6个月CDK4/6i+ET治疗或两轮ET±靶向治疗进展后的HR+HER2-低和超低mBC[18]
 
另外,靶向Trop2的ADC药物SG最近在常规定义的HER2阴性患者(0+、1+或2+/ISH阴性)中的临床试验中也显示出对HER2-low mBC的疗效。III期TROPICS-02试验(NCT03901339)纳入了既往接受过强治疗方案的HR阳性、ET抵抗、局部复发不可手术或转移性BC患者(n=543),这些患者既往接受过CDK4/6i和2-4线化疗。将SG与医生选择的化疗进行比较[19-20]。大多数研究患者有内脏转移(95%),且既往接受过CDK4/6i治疗(99%);既往中位化疗线数为3。在全人群中,中位随访10.2个月,SG组mPFS为5.5个月,医生选择的化疗组mPFS为4.0个月(HR:0.66[95%CI:0.53–0.83];P=0.0003)[19]。随访12.5个月时,两组mOS分别为14.4和11.2个月(HR:0.79[95%CI:0.65–0.96];P=0.02)[21]。两组ORR分别为21%和14%。在HER2-low(n=283)和IHC为0的患者(n=217)的事后分析中[22],SG在这些患者中的临床获益与ITT人群一致。在HER2-low患者中,SG组和化疗组的ORR分别为26%和12%(IHC 0队列:16%vs 15%),mPFS分别为6.4个月和4.2个月(HR:0.58[95%CI:0.42–0.79];P<0.001)(IHC 0队列:5.0 vs 3.4个月;HR:0.72[95%CI:0.51–1.00];P=0.05)。在整个研究人群中,与SG相关的最常见药物相关不良事件包括中性粒细胞减少症(70%)、腹泻(57%)、恶心(55%)、脱发(46%)和疲劳(37%)。在SG组中没有观察到间质性肺病事件(化疗组为1%)。
 
值得注意的是,SG已被批准用于复发或难治性转移性三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)患者,批准是基于具有里程碑意义的ASCENT试验(NCT02574455),该试验将SG(n=235)与医生选择的化疗(N=233)进行对比[23]。中位随访17.7个月,在整个研究人群(有或无脑转移)中,SG组的mPFS为4.8个月,化疗组为1.7个月(HR:0.43[95%CI:0.35–0.54]),mOS分别为11.8个月和6.9个月(HR:0.51[95%CI:0.41–0.62]。SG组ORR为31%,化疗组为4%。在该试验的事后分析中,在HER2-low患者中观察到SG相似的临床疗效:SG vs化疗:PFS,HR 0.44[95%CI:0.27–0.72],P=0.002;OS:HR 0.43[95%CI:0.28–0.67],P<0.001;ORR:32%vs 8%[24]。因此,SG是HER2-low乳腺癌患者的另一个重要治疗选择(图3)。而T-DXd和SG的最佳治疗顺序仍有待进一步确定。
 
图3 HER2阴性及HER2-low BC不断发展的治疗模式
 
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